Topic I: 次贷危机
A. “两房”公司相关
1. 房地美与房利美两家公司的资产形式主要为住房抵押贷款和担保贷款,同时,它们发行住房支持债券以及优先股。
2. 中国政府通过中投公司,利用中国主权财富基金购买外国债券,以保证国内外汇资金储备。
3. 世界各地投资者(包括中国)大量购买“两房”公司发行的住房支持债券和优先股。
4. 债券缩水,引发次贷危机。据IMF估计,总损失至少在1000亿美元,且仍在继续。
5. “两房”公司属美国准国有企业,联邦政府将实施一系列措施如接管、注资等——救市。
a. 优先股:对企业净资产部分具有优先分配权;股权人不参与企业日常管理。
b. 中投公司、主权财富基金
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B. 次贷危机的产生:
1. 银行出于获利的目的,往往将房贷发放给次级信用者。这种房贷在市场较平稳时,风险较小。部分地方甚至有变相的“零首付”现象。
2. 房地产的市场价值小于银行房贷时,业主所持有的净资产为负,因而造成断供现象。其原因有:房价下跌、利率上调、延期付款。
3. 断供造成银行的房贷无法收回→次贷危机。
4. 链条关系:
中东战争→油价上涨→生产成本及物流成本上升→消费品价格上升→政府为预防通胀上调利率→经济增幅减缓/收入减缓/购房者利息负担加重→延期或无能力还款→房价下降→次贷危机
a. 次贷:次级贷款,即发放给次级信用者的贷款。贷款一般提供给优级信用者,相对于优级信用者则有次级信用者,一般无信用记录或收入波动较大。对于次级信用者的贷款审查较严,利率较高。
b. “零首付”:即房贷首付为零。国家银监会明令禁止。
c. 90年代初~本世纪初政府为刺激消费,利率下调。
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